D'Aguilar Genealogy Sacrilege! Unfair Taxes

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Spain:Early rule (974 to 1085)

Christian princes, the counts of Castile and the first kings of Leon, treated the Jews as mercilessly as did the Almohades. In their operations against the Moors they did not spare the Jews, destroying their synagogues and killing their teachers and scholars.

Toleration and Jewish immigration (1085 to 1212)Turning point (1212 to 1300)The Jewish community in 1300 Official persecution and massacres (1300 to 1391) Massacres of 1366 Massacre of 1391

Forced conversions and the "New Christians" (1391 to 1492) Spanish Inquisition(March 31, 1492). It ordered all Jews of whatever age to leave the kingdom by the last day of July, (one day before Tisha B'Av[19]) They were permitted to take their property provided it was not in gold, silver, or money.In addition to Louis's legislation against Jews and usury, he expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France where the Cathar heresy had been strongest. The rate of these confiscations reached its highest levels in the years prior to his first crusade, and slowed upon his return to France in 1254.

 

Louis IX allowing himself to be whipped as penance.

In all these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill the duty of France, which was seen as "the eldest daughter of the Church" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned by the Pope in Rome in 800. Indeed, the official Latin title of the kings of France was Rex Francorum, i.e. "king of the Franks", and the kings of France were also known by the title "most Christian king" (Rex Christianissimus). The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil. Eventually, in 1309, Pope Clement V even left Rome and relocated to the French city of Avignon, beginning the era known as the Avignon Papacy (or, more disparagingly, the "Babylonian captivity").The earliest building at this location belonged to the count of Fonnollède since 1021. In the 13th century, the keep that had replaced earlier buildings was bequeathed by the viscounts of Carcassonne to their vassal, the Ternes.
In 1210 it was invaded and occupied by Simon de Montfort, whose soldiers took and held the owner Raymond de Ternes in a dark dungeon in the Carcassonne. Militarily, the castle lay dormant for the next 30 years, until Raymond's son Olivier de Ternes took back the castle in the brief revolt against the young viscount Trencavel against the crusaders. Aguilar became the refuge of many faydits, Cathar knights and lords without strongholds. In 1246 a royal garrison was installed to supervise the Aragon frontier.
Olivier, however, eventually made an alliance with king Louis IX, who purchased the castle from him in 1260. Despite the heavy fortifications, the castle would be continually under siege by opposers to the French or Spanish rulers until the 16th century.
When the border was pushed back to the south of Roussillon by the treaty of the Pyrenées, the castle gradually lost its strategic importance, and was eventually abandoned in 1569. Today it is in decrepit condition. Since 1949, it has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture

In Portugal.18 June 1452: Pope Nicholas V issues Dum Diversas, a bull authorising the Portuguese to reduce any non-Christians to the status of slaves.“ "We grant you [Kings of Spain and Portugal] by these present documents, with our Apostolic Authority, full and free permission to invade, search out, capture, and subjugate the Saracens and pagans and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as well as their kingdoms, duchies, counties, principalities, and other property [...] and to reduce their persons into perpetual slavery.[3] ”

In 1537 pope Paul III explicitly condemned enslaving non-Christians in Sublimus Dei [10]. In 1686 the Holy Office limited the bull by decreeing that Africans enslaved by unjust wars should be freed.[3] Until Today Who Ever Declared The Jew's Free Rights But Free maybe You have the answer?

Sacrilege!Unfair Taxes. Asking Jew's To Do What There Faith Does Not Allow.Gerónimo de Aguilar (1489-1531) was a Franciscan friar Among the early explorers of the New World was See Link Gerónimo Also Jerónimo de Aguilar,Cortés ignored the orders and went ahead anyway, in February 1519, in an act of open mutiny. Accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men, 13 horses and a small number of cannons, he landed in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mayan territory.^[6] There, he met Jeronimo de Aguilar, a Spaniard who had survived from a shipwreck and joined the troops.^[6] Jeronimo de Aguilar, a Franciscan priest, had learnt Maya during his captivity, and could thus translate for Cortés. In March 1519 who reached the coast of Mexico in 1511 and lived for eight years among the Mayas, before joining Cortés in 1519 in the conquest of Mexico. Other early settlers of the New World include Catalina de AguiarFrom Gerónimo de Aguilar
Gerónimo de Aguilar, O.F.M. (1489-1531) was a Franciscan friar born in Écija, Spain. Aguilar was later involved with the 1519 Spanish conquest of Mexico, and with La Malinche he assisted Hernán Cortés in translating indigenous language to Spanish.
In 1511 Aguilar left Panama on a caravel sailing to Santo Domingo, accompanying the procurator Juan de Valdivia. They were shipwrecked near the Yucatán Peninsula due to bad weather, but Aguilar, along with a sailor from Palos, in Spain, Gonzalo Guerrero, were two of fifteen survivors. Strong currents brought them in their ship's boat to the coast of the modern-day Mexican state of Quintana Roo.
Aguilar and the others were captured by the local Maya and scheduled to be sacrificed to Maya gods. He and Gonzalo Guerrero eventually managed to escape later to be taken as a slave by another Mayan chief named Xamanzana.[1] Here he and Guerrero were able to learn the language of their captors. Aguilar lived as a slave during his eight years with the Maya. Guerrero became chief in time of war for Nachan Kaan, Lord of Chektumal, married a rich Maya woman and fathered the first mestizo children of Mexico.
Hernán Cortés invaded Mexico in 1519. Aguilar joined the expedition. Speaking both Maya and Spanish, he, and La Malinche, who could speak Maya and Nahuatl, translated for Cortés during the Conquest of Mexico. His usefulness in that capacity ended once La Malinche had learned Spanish.
Aguilar died in 1531 in an unknown location.
His house in Mexico City later became the home of the first printing press to operate in the New World.
A fictional version of Aguilar's adventures in Mexico is recounted in Anita Mason's novel The Right Hand of the Sun (John Murray, UK, 2008).
[] See alsoHouse of the First Print Shop in the Americas

House of the First Print Shop in the Americas
The House of the First Print Shop in the Americas (Spanish: Casa de la Primera Imprenta de América) at the corner of Moneda and Licenciado Primo Verdad streets in Mexico City was the home of the first printing press/print shop in the New World.[1]
The house was originally constructed by Gerónimo de Aguilar in 1524 and is located on the outer edge of what was the sacred precinct of the Templo Mayor prior to the Conquest.[2]After receiving permission from Spanish king Carlos V, Mexico City archbishop, Juan de Zumarraga had a printing press brought from Europe in 1539. The press was set up in this house, then called the “Casa de las Campanas” (House of the Bells)[3] by the Seville-based publisher Juan Cromberger with Italian printer Juan Pablos who worked for living expenses for ten years.[4] They began printing viceregal- and Church-related documents.[5] One of these documents was a catechism entitled “The Brief and Most Concise Christian Doctrine in the Mexican Language” written by the archbishop himself.[1]
After its stint as a print shop, the house changed hands numerous times and used for a number of purposes.[1] In the 17th century, it belonged to the Monastery of Santa Teresa de la Orden de las Carmelas Reformadas and later, in the 18th century it belonged to the Royal Military Order of Nuestra Señora de la Merced Redención de Cautivos de la Ciudad de México. In 1847, U.S. troops occupied the house, destroying the archives that were within. The house was then owned by a number of civilians, including one who used the building to store furniture. In the 20th century, the building was mostly used for offices, including being the home to a paper and printing services operation called the “Imprenta y Papelería Militar "Marte"” The house continued to change hands until 1989, when the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) bought the house with the intention of restoring it.[2]
UAM worked with the Historic Center Restoration Program,[1] working with the Instituto Nacional de Antropología. About 82 cm below the surface of the ground floor the stone head of a serpent from Aztec times was discovered. It is possible that this head was visible to the occupants of the building in the 16th and 17th centuries. [2]
Today, the house serves as the Continuing Education Center for UAM with various exhibition rooms, a bookstore and facilities for conferences and courses.[1] In 2008, the Book Museum opened here, with some of the oldest books in Mexico on display.[6] House of the First Print Shop in the Americas Below Is The Home Of The house was originally constructed by Gerónimo de Aguilar in 1524 and is located on the outer edge of what was the sacred precinct of the Templo Mayor prior to the Conquest.[2]









[] ReferencesSurname: Aguilar

Recorded in the spelling forms of Aguilar, Aguilera, and Aguiar, this surname is usually Spanish, but may also be Portuguese and Ashkenasic. It is habitational, and describes a person who originally came from a place known as 'the eagles lair', being a developed spelling of the Roman (Latin) 'aquilaria'. From about the year 100 a.d. until the collapse of the Empire in the year 410 a.d., Spain was merely a province of Rome. The influence of the Romans was profound, and many present day Iberian surnames owe their roots to the Roman influence. The surname itself is much later, few surnames except those where the holder was associated with specific estates, were hereditary, although this was one of them. Early surname recordings include such examples as Flores Aguilar of Santa Ana, Mexico, on July 21st 1778, and Jose Aguilar of the San Diego Mission, California, who married Maria Lopez on December 6th 1781. The coat of arms granted in Spain has the very distinctive blazon of a gold field, charged with a black eagle displayed. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Luis Aguilar, which was dated August 24th 1661, in the registers of the city of Asuncion, Mexico, during the reign of King Philip 1V of Spain and Emperor of Mexico, 1619 - 1665. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling., who emigrated to America in 1512.For more information on the last name Aguiar We have researched the Aguiar family Marquis of Campoo Aguilar
Title of nobility Spanish , its origin goes back to infant Don Tello , Alfonso XI , King of Castile and León , who was the first Lord of the city of the Campoo Aguilar illegitimate son e century XIV . The seigneury of Campoo Aguilar was confirmed to Don Juan Téllez of Castile, son of the said Don Tello, by her uncle King Henry IV of Castile in 1370 .
In 1484 , its descendant Don Garcí Fernández-Manrique de Lara, V e Lord of Aguilar, Comte de Castañeda and Grand Chancellor of Kingdom received Kings Catholics the right to titrate Marqués de Aguilar de Campoo .
In 1520 , at the first distinction between Great of Spain and the simple titles of the Kingdom, the Emperor Charles V acknowledged the marquis of Campoo Aguilar top 25 great of Spain.
Several members of this illustrious family became viceroys , ambassadors, members of the Council of State, the Church princes and Ministers, ansi as members of the order of the Golden Fleece and the Santiago Military College.
This document comes from " http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_d%27Aguilar_de_Campoo ".
category : Grand of Spain See also LinkGoverner Marquis D'Aguilar Soldier. Mart-ant, maR-gl-ret', or Marguerit, de, da man- gi-ret', (Joss,) Marquis d'Aguilar, a Spanish soldier, Born in Catalonia in 1602, was a prominent leader in the insurrection of that province against the Spanish government in 1640. He was afterwards appointed Governor of Catalonia by Louis XIII. Died in 1685.

Margarit or Marguerit, do.See link D'Aguilar History.linked To See Link,Martin De Arana Ship Builder .Los Tres Reyes Martin D'aguilar D'aguilar "Spanish "Not Dutch"See LinkNot Dutch .Before D'Aguilar Religion Mattered. Spanish galleon: Los Tres Reyes.Martin d'Aguilar was a Spanish explorer whose log contains one of the first written descriptions of the coast of the U.S. state of Oregon.

Aguilar was the commander of the ship Tres Reyes in an expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno.^[1] Vizcaíno set out from Mexico in 1602 in search of usable harbors and the mythical city of Quivira. While exploring along the northern California coast, a storm separated Vizcaíno and Aguilar's ships.^[1] While Vizcaíno may have reached the present Oregon-California border, Aguilar continued up the coast. He may have only reached latitude of the present-day Coos Bay.^[1]
Aguilar reported sighting a "rapid and abundant" river that he did not enter because of the current.^[1] He then returned to Mexico because of scurvy among his crew.^[1] It is unknown what river he sighted, but maps referred to the "Rio d'Aguilar" in the 1700s.^[1] No deliberate exploration of the Northwest Coast occurred again until some 150 years after Aguilar, though accidental sightings and shipwrecks were possible.^[1]

[] References

http://www.google.com/books?id=bG8UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=Martin+D%27aguilar+The+Oregon+territory,+its+history+and+discovery Conquistadors Half the world’s Jews lived in Spain,Old Spain And New Spain. See Link The Americas subordinated but in key scientific and economic roles. But the crusade to annex the peninsula’s last Moorish principalities left less and less room for a Jewish minority. In a century of coercion beginning 1391, most Spanish Jews converted, accepting their identity as “New Christians” with varying degrees of reservation. The Inquisition was introduced in 1381 to monitor the New Christians’ lingering loyalties—and to give anxious Old Christians a means to limit their integration. With the fall of the last Moorish holdout, Granada, early in 1492, Jews got a choice: convert or depart by July 31. The majority submitted. Most who did not went overland to Portugal. At the same time, Columbus, believing himself chosen to lead the ultimate crusade, to recapture the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and usher in the messianic age, prepared to set sail. He left Spain on August 3, intent on converting China and India and accumulating the wealth to pay for Armageddon. ‎California is an Island? On the Map, Maybe! "California is undoubtedly an island. Why, I have had in my office mariners who have sailed round it" -Herman Moll, 1711 One of the great myths of history is that California is an island floating off the western coast of North America. This misconception originated with Father Antonio Ascension who drew a map of California based upon the Spanish navigators Juan De La Fuca (1592) and Martin d'Aguilar (1602). According to Tooley, Father Ascension sent the map to Spain by ship. The Dutch captured the ship and sent the map to Amsterdam for Dutch cartographers to study. However, it wasn't the Dutch but the English who popularized the idea that California is an island. Henry Brigg`s map is the first English map to depict California in this way (1625). John Speed copied the idea from Briggs on his map in 1626. The Dutch mapmakers resisted Speed's theory until Jansson adopted the concept on his North America map in 1638. Even though two of the greatest Dutch cartographers, Hondius and Blaeu, resisted the innovation, another great Dutch cartographer, Visscher, revised his map and became an avid supporter of the island theory. Jansson and Visscher together were able to influence European cartography so that California as an island became an accepted concept well into the late 18th century. Facts did not sway the geographic community in Europe. Father Eusebio Kino was the first European to cross over to the peninsula of California in the late 17th century. Much to his surprise, he didn't need a boat to get to New Albion. Kino published his map in 1705 and sparked a raging fire of criticism. Herman Moll, the leading English cartographer of the early 18th century, wrote in 1711 that California was undoubtedly an island, because English mariners had sailed around it! Even one of the greatest sea chartists in Holland, Van Keulen, agreed with Moll. So the concept persisted long into the 18th century on European maps. Finally, in 1746, Father Consag sailed round the Gulf of California and proved to European geographers that they could walk from Mexico City to San Fransisco without getting their feet wet. King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued an edict stating that California is not an island.> Until recently, Speed's and Jansson's maps of North America were collected as the first maps to show California as an island. Now some map experts are saying that Ortelius' map of the Caribbean (c. 1580), showing the southern half of California separated from the continent, is the first to propose the idea. Regardless of who you believe, these three maps are central to one of the hottest debates in the discovery of the New World. In the late 17th century, Visscher's redrawn map of North America swings European cartographic opinion in favor of an island. Moll's Cod Fish map of North America (c. 1710) reinforces the idea for the next fifty years. Even poor King Ferdinand VII of Spain couldn't change some minds. DeVaugandy's map of 1770 still shows California sitting off the coast of North America. Together, these maps tell the story of European exploration of the west over two hundred years. We have Moll's Codfish map and Ortelius' famous map in stock. Both maps are very tough to find. Jansson, Speed, and Visscher come to market from time to time but less so in recent years. We can find these maps on search for you. " California is not an island ". -Edict, King Ferdinand of Spain, 1747 " It WILL be." -Nostradamus Rabbi moshe Grave Robbed?.Rabbi Moshe.Moses Raphael D'Aguilar Descent Jew.Raised and educated in Amsterdam Mortera's, Pupil Intellectual Leader Of The Portuguese Congregation.By 1639.See Link- Claimed By Dutch Family .But Not Listed Rabbi By Family But Listed From Foreign Family Descent Grave Stone Not Of Dutch Culture.Unclaimed As Dutch Born Jew.Citizenship rights[] Citizenship Prior to the formation of the Dutch Republic, the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands had urban and not national citizenship. No inclusive citizenship status existed for the population of the Low Countries. Citizenship was a legal status available to all inhabitants of a particular city. There were certain obligation and privileges applied to all those that were burghers (citizens). These rights were never formally written down in legal documents, rather existed as a set of practices or city rights varying in every territory

[] Ways to Acquire Citizenship

1. By descent (Jewish children could not acquire citizenship in this way and were obliged to buy it.)
2. By purchase
3. By Marriage (This applied only to women. Women lost their original citizenship upon marriage and gained that of their husband.)^[]
4. By Gift (Usually granted to merchants, clerics, and skilled craftsmen.)^{[] See More At http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Dutch_nationality#cite_note-10}

(Few Listed Dutch Considered Themself's To Produce Jewish Root's)Because Of Law :See Page 173 .Page 11.Page 53. Page 68. http://books.google.com/books?id=DjzNtrUZt1YC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=dutch+jews+1600&source=bl&ots=etUmr1E8dP&sig=h2WxWSOAdweuYgjrbFfvRda3dEk&hl=en&ei=7pcaSu67MImEtweZtvTfDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result

foto Frits Terpoorten

A little outside Amsterdam, down the river Amstel, lies the old village of Ouderkerk and here you find the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands, Beth Haim (House of Life). Towards the close of the 16th century Spanish and Portuguese Jews arrived in Amsterdam, fleeing the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition. Initially, they buried their dead in the dunes of Groet, near Alkmaar,See Link Groet Alkmaar in North Holland.This building is unique for the province North Holland and the city Alkmaar. There is room for services a 'cheider' (school for jewish children where jewish lessons are given) a house for the rabbi and a 'mikwe' (ritual bath).

Until 5th March 1942 the 'sjoel' services were given by rabbi De Wolff. After that it was finished definitively; the jews were deported and killed; the synagogue was robbed.

In 1614 they acquired a plot of ground in Ouderkerk-on-the-Amstel, buying it from one of the aldermen of Amsterdam. The cemetery was the first formal recognition of a (Sephardi) Jewish community in Amsterdam. A condition imposed by the Amsterdam city council was that the deceased should be transported down river by barge.

At the landing-stage on the Amstel is a wooden building used as the place of cleansing or purification, built in 1705; beside this is the so-called house of Rodeamentos (meaning, processing around in circles) where the Sephardi men process seven times around the coffin of the dead man. Traditionally, Jews of priestly ancestry, the Cohens or Cohenim, should not come within a certain distance of the dead and they are given a separate area in the cleansing house, and in the cemetery itself have to walk along specially designated paths.

The cemetery of Beth Haim is world famous for its magnificent carved marble tombstones. Also, many prominent Amsterdam Sephardi Jews lie buried her, including the rabbi and book printer Menasseh ben Israël (whose story is recounted in the novel Escape from Hell, 2002, by the Austrian author Robert Menasse), Don Samuel Palache, ambassador to the king of Morocco, the parents of the philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) and the physician Samuel Sarphati (1813-1866), on whose initiative the Palace of People’s Industry (no longer there) and the Amstel Hotel. were built in Amsterdam. . Claimed of Spanish And portuguese Background.Moses Raphael D'Aguilar Linked To Portugal Classical oratory and the Sephardim of Amsterdam: Rabbi Aguilar's "Tratado ...‎ See Page. 12 And 13 http://www.google.com/books?id=9fuRazBwUy0C&pg=PA10&dq=Rabbi+Moses+Raphael+D%27Aguilar+Classical+oratory+and+the+Sephardim+of+Amsterdam:+Rabbi+Aguilar%27s+%22Tratado Jews in the Netherlands 02: 17th century - "Golden Encyclopaedia Judaica Jews in the Netherlands 02: 17th century - "Golden Age"Portuguese Marranos - Jews from Portugal, Italy, and Turkey (Ottoman Empire) - Jewish center Amsterdam - Brazil - behaviour certificate - Jews in the East India Company - Ashkenazimfrom: Netherlands; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, Vol. 12 presented by Michael Palomino (2008) Not only were they accorded privileges regarding military service and the Sabbath but they were also permitted to build a synagogue and open a cemetery as soon as their numbers reached 50, and to print (col. 975) See Morehttp://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/eu/holland/EncJud_juden-in-NL02-17jh-ENGL.html Jews first came to Brazil around 1500, but as "New Christians" (also converses): Spanish or in this case Portuguese See Also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism to escape the Inquisition. Though outwardly Christian, many continued various Jewish practices and their descendants maintain their connection to Judaism even today. Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries New Christians flocked to Brazil, although they often had to dodge Brazil's own Inquisition. They were businessmen, importers, exporters, teachers, writers, and priests. In 1624, Dutch forces took portions of northeast Brazil. Because the Dutch did not prohibit Jewish observance - and in fact, the Dutch Jewish community was both prosperous and prominent - many of the New Christians openly declared their Judaism and spurred large scale Jewish immigration to Dutch controlled Brazil. Its capital was Recife where, in 1636, Jews built Kahal Zur synagogue, the first in the Western Hemisphere. The community flourished, such that a premier Amsterdam rabbi, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, and pre-eminent scholar, Moses Raphael d'Aguilar came to Brazil as spiritual leaders. By 1645, Jews represented half the population of Recife and had an active and well-organized community with various communal institutions. But in 1654, the Portuguese re-took Recife sending its Jewish population into exile, including the first Jews to settle in what would one day be New York.New Amsterdam. See Also http://www.nyc-architecture.com/UWS/UWS015.htm Portuguese 1773 These young men were instrumental in developing the Amazon's rubber trade, so that immigrants who were lured by the industry's boom later in the nineteenth century found Jews prominent at all levels and even deep into the Amazon. D'Aguilar Rembrandt Jews See Pagehttp://books.google.com/books?id=GvsPJcOiZF0C&pg=PA196&dq=D%27Aguilar+Rembrandt+Jews Next The Jews Of Jamaica Abraham D'Aguilar 1686-1759? Watch This Video

                     Thank You Mr. Henriques.Esther d'Aguilar. Born 1739. Died 30 September 1791. Married Dr Isaac Henriques Sequeira (originally Francisco Corna da Silva Sequira). Rembrandt Jews See More at http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/567362.html There You Have It Every Where You Look Spanish Portuguese Not Dutch.Our beloved Grace Aguilar. Grace Aguilar (June 1816 – September 16, 1847), an English novelist and writer on Jewish history and religion, was born in Hackney of Jewish parents of Portuguese descent. She was delicate from childhood, and early showed great interest in history, especially Jewish history. The death of her father threw her on her own resources.

After a few dramas and poems she published in the United States in 1842 Spirit of Judaism, in defence of her faith and its professors, and in 1845 The Jewish Faith and The Women of Israel. She is, however, best known by her novels, of which the chief are Home Influence (1847) and A Mother's Recompense (1850). Her health gave way in 1847, and she died in that year at Frankfurt.
Her other works include Magic Wreath, and Vale of Cedars (1850).

Aguilar Library Click Link Below   aguilar@nypl.org *  Jamaica was a Spanish colony from 1494 to 1655. During that period there was a constant stream of Jewish settlers from Spain and Portugal who came as Conversos and found Jamaica a place in which they could live, away from the centers of the Inquisition.In 1655 the British occupied the island and were welcomed by the Conversos, who threw off their guise and started openly to profess their Jewish religion. In the same year they founded a synagogue in Port-Royal. After a disastrous earthquake which completely destroyed Port-Royal, synagogues were erected in Spanish Town (Neve Shalom, 1704) and Kingston (Shaare Shamaim, 1750).

Jews fleeing Recife after the Portuguese reconquest arrived in Jamaica in 1662. They were joined by Spanish-Portuguese Jews from England in 1663, from Essequibo in 1664, and in the next years there were Jewish arrivals from Surinam, Barbados, Bordeaux, Bayonne, and even from Amsterdam.

Under the British the Jews were permitted to own land and to profess their religion openly. This resulted in Jewish settlements all over the island, attested by the 23 Jewish cemeteries existing in different localities. In a short time the Jews with agricultural plantations controlled the sugar and vanilla industries, and those in the towns were the leaders in foreign trade and shipping.

With their success, the Jews fought for complete equality with the other British subjects on the island. In 1700 the Jews paid the bulk of the taxes levied in Jamaica.

In 1831, all disabilities against the Jews were removed. The Jews of Jamaica now started to play a prominent role in the political, social, and cultural life of Jamaica.

By 1881 the Jewish population had reached 2,535, out of 13,800 whites in Jamaica.

In the 20th century the Jewish population was reinforced by the arrival of Jews from Syria and Germany. However, the Jewish population diminished due to economic decline, emigration, and intermarriages. Today, 90 percent of the Jews live in Kingston, and the synagogues of Shaarei Yosher, Shaarei Shamaim, and Shaarei Shalom have amalgamated in Shaarei Shalom to form the United Congregation of Israelites. In 1969 the Jewish population was about 600, but today less than 300 remain. Jewish institutions are maintained, including the Hillel Academy school, a home for the aged, WIZO, synagogue sisterhood, and B'nai B'rith. Read More http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03964.html Next The samuda brother's

Second son of Abraham Samuda, a broker and East and West India merchant of Portuguese Jewish origin See More With This Link

Joseph D'Aguilar Samuda Mr Samuda was born in the year 1813 He was the son of the late Mr Abraham Samuda merchant by Joy daughter of the late Mr H D'Aguilar of Enfield Chase.

Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda

Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda (21 May 1813 – 27 April 1885) was Jewish English civil engineer and politician. He was born in London the younger son of Abraham Samuda, and brother of Jacob Samuda. He started out in his father's counting-house, but in 1832 he joined his elder brother to set up Samuda Brothers.

Contents [] 1 Marine Engineering and Shipbuilding 2 Atmospheric Railways 3 Political career 4 References

[] Marine Engineering and Shipbuilding

Joseph and his brother Jacob set themselves up as marine marine and general engineers and shipbuilders on the Isle of Dogs . For the first ten years the company principally confined itself to the building of marine engines. In 1843 they entered the ship-building business, and from that time onward, notwithstanding the tragic death of Jacob in an accident on the Thames, the firm was continuously engaged in constructing iron steamships for the Royal Navy, merchant marine, and passenger and mail services, besides royal yachts and river-boats. Many of these vessels were built under Samuda's personal superintendence. In 1860 Joseph helped to establish the Institute of Naval Architects, of which he was the first treasurer and subsequently a vice-president. He frequently contributed to its "Transactions." In 1862 he became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to whose "Proceedings" he likewise contributed.

[] Atmospheric Railways Jacob Samuda (August 24, 1811 - November 12, 1844 was a Jewish English civil engineer born in London. He is described as "the first Jewish engineer" on his tombstone, in the Sephardic cemetery, Mile End, London. He was the elder son of Abraham Samuda, an East and West India merchant of London, and Joy, daughter of H. d'Aguilar of Enfield Chase, Middlesex. After his apprenticeship with John Hague, an engineer, Jacob went into partnership with his brother Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda setting up the firm Samuda Brothers.

Jacob was an ingenious inventor and made a number of important discoveries. One of these, the atmospheric railway, received at first with considerable opposition, was subsequently adopted as a means of transit by several important companies, the first being Dublin and Kingstown Railway in 1842. Sir Robert Peel later recommended its adoption to the House of Commons and the Board of Trade. The line to use it in England was from Epsom to London; and later the South Devon Railway adopted the principle of the new invention.
Jacob also made significant improvements in marine engines. In 1843, he contracted to build the Gypsy Queen, an iron boat to be fitted with his improved engine. On the trial trip, the ship exploded and he met his death along with six other persons.
The Samuda Estate, on the site of his shipyard in Cubitt Town, is named after him and his brother.
Samuda is buried in the Sephardic Burial Ground in the Mile End Road.^[1]

[] References

Samuda Brothers

Samuda Brothers was an engineering and ship building firm at Cubitt Town on the Isle of Dogs in London, founded by Jacob and Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda. The site is now occupied by Samuda Estate.
Samuda Brothers began work at Orchard Place, Blackwall in 1843, by the mouth of Bow Creek. The firm moved to Cubitt Town in 1852, having outgrown a site that was hemmed in by other industrial premises. By this time the company was run by Joseph, Jacob having been killed in the trial of the Gipsy Queen. ^[1] The Cubitt Town yard specialised in iron and steel warships and steam packets and by 1863 was said to be produing double the output of the other London shipyards combined. Orders from Germany, Russia and Japan enabled the firm to survive the 1866 financial crisis which affected many other London yards.^[2]

Togo at the time of his work experience with Samuda,in 1877

In 1877 Togo Heihachiro, later a prominent Japanese admiral, came for work experience with the Samuda Brothers after completing his training at Naval Preparatory School in Portsmouth, and the Royal Naval College at Greenwich. He supervised the construction of the Fusō before returning to Japan. He went to be heralded as the "Nelson of the East" after he led the Imperial Japanese navy to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, establishing Japan as a Great Power.
Following the death of Joseph in 1885 attempts were made to sell the firm as a going concern. This was unsuccessful, resulting in closure in the 1890s, leaving Yarrows and Thames Ironworks as the last significant London shipbuilders.^[2]

[] Ships built by the Samuda Brothers

• SS Carnatic, P&O, 1862
• HMS Tamar, Royal Navy, 1863
• El Horria, Khedive of Egypt, 1865
• Bordein, Khedive of Egypt, Nile steamer c 1865^[3]
• SMS Kronprinz, Prussian Navy, 1867 ^[4]
• SMS Deutschland, 1875
• Fusō , Imperial Japanese Navy, 1877
• HMS Belleisle, Royal Navy 1876 (originally to be Bourdjou-Zaffer for Ottoman Empire)
• HMS Orion, Royal Navy 1879 (originally to be Peik-i-Sheref for Turkish Navy)
• ARA Almirante Brown, Argentine Navy, 1880^[5]
• Riachuelo, Brazilian Navy, 1883^[6]
• HMS Sappho, Royal Navy, 1891

[] References

Lieutenant Charles d'Aguilar POPE - 2/24th (2nd Warwickshire Regt.)
Killed at Isandlwana 22nd Jan. 1879. Aged 29. Son of Rev. J. Pope (HEICS).

He Who Comes Last May Come First.What jews Were Involved In enslavement and slave trade This Is a Question?.[] Edict of Expulsion

Main article: Alhambra decree

A signed copy of the Alhambra decree.Several months after the fall of Granada an Edict of Expulsion was issued against the Jews of Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella (March 31, 1492). It ordered all Jews of whatever age to leave the kingdom by the last day of July, (one day before Tisha B'Av[19]) They were permitted to take their property provided it was not in gold, silver, or money. The reason alleged for this action in the preamble of the edict was the relapse of so many "conversos," owing to the proximity of unconverted Jews who seduced them from Christianity and kept alive in them the knowledge and practises of Judaism. It is claimed that Don Isaac Abravanel, who had previously ransomed 480 Jewish Moriscos of Malaga from the Catholic monarchs by a payment of 20,000 doubloons, now offered them 600,000 crowns for the revocation of the edict. It is said also that Ferdinand hesitated, but was prevented from accepting the offer by Torquemada, the grand inquisitor, who dashed into the royal presence and, throwing a crucifix down before the king and queen, asked whether, like Judas, they would betray their Lord for money. Whatever may be the truth of this story, there were no signs of relaxation shown by the court, and the Jews of Spain made preparations for exile. In some cases, as at Vitoria, they took steps to prevent the desecration of the graves of their kindred by presenting the cemetery to the municipality—a precaution not unjustified, as the Jewish cemetery of Seville was later ravaged by the people. The members of the Jewish community of Segovia passed the last three days of their stay in the city in the Jewish cemetery, fasting and wailing over being parted from their beloved dead.

[] Number of the exiles

The number of those who were thus driven from Spain has been differently estimated by various observers and historians. Juan de Mariana, in his history of Spain, claims as many as 800,000. Isidore Loeb, in a special study of the subject in the "Revue des Etudes Juives" (xiv. 162-183), reduces the actual number of emigrants to 165,000. Bernáldez gives details of about 100,000 who went from Spain to Portugal: 3,000 from Benevente to Braganza; 30,000 from Zamora to Miranda; 35,000 from Ciudad Rodrigo to Villar; 15,000 from Miranda de Alcántara to Marbao; and 10,000 from Badajoz to Yelves. According to the same observer, there were altogether 160,000 Jews in Aragon and Castile. Abraham Zacuto reckons those who went to Portugal at 120,000. Lindo asserts that 1,500 families of Jewish Moriscos from the kingdom of Granada were the first to leave the country. It may be of interest to give the following estimates of Loeb's of the numbers of those who were in Spain before the expulsion and of those who emigrated to different parts of the world:

Algiers 10,000

Americas 5,000

Egypt and Tripoli 2,000

France 3,000

Holland, England, Scandinavia and Hamburg 25,000

Italy 9,000

Morocco 20,000

Turkey 90,000

Elsewhere 1,000

________

Total emigrated 165,000

Baptized 50,000

Died en route 20,000

________

Total in Spain in 1492 235,000

These estimates can possibly be regarded as a minimum; it is fairly probable that at least 200,000 fled the country, leaving behind them their dead and a large number of relatives who had been forced by circumstances to conceal their religion and to adopt Christianity. About 12,000 appear to have entered Navarre, where they were allowed to remain, but under the pressure of the kings of Spain both the newcomers and the Navarrese Jews that didn't convert to Catholicism were expelled from the kingdom in 1498. The ports of Cartagena, Valencia, and Barcelona were provided by Ferdinand with ships to take the fugitives where they would; but the Jews often found difficulty in landing, owing to disease breaking out among them while on board ship. Thus at Fez the Moors refused to receive them, and they were obliged to roam in an open plain, where many of them died from hunger. The rest returned to Spain and were baptized. Nine crowded vessels arrived at Naples and communicated pestilence. At Genoa they were only allowed to land provided they received baptism. Those who were fortunate enough to reach Ottoman Empire had a better fate, the Sultan Bayezid II was known to sarcastically send his gratitude to Ferdinand for sending him some of his best subjects, thus "impoverising his own lands while enriching his (Bayezid's)". Jews arriving in Ottoman Empire were mostly resettled in and around Selanik (Thessaloniki in Greek) and to some extent in Istanbul and İzmir.

According to Jane S.Gerber, an expert on Sephardic history at the City University of New York one wing of historians grossly underestimates the number of conversions. Recent Y chromosome DNA testing conducted by the University of Leicester and the Pompeu Fabra University has indicated that around 20% of Spanish men today have direct patrilineal descent from Sephardic Jews, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.[20]

[] History of the Jews in the Baleric Islands Read Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain Could These Jews Be Enslavers At this time they were Banished And Migrating And had No Finance at this time?Before 1400: Slavery had existed in Europe from Classical times and did not disappear with the collapse of the Roman Empire. Slaves remained common in Europe throughout the early medieval period. However, slavery of the Classical type became increasingly uncommon in Northern Europe and, by the 11th and 12th centuries, had been effectively abolished in the North. Nevertheless, forms of unfree labour, such as villeinage and serfdom, persisted in the north well into the early modern period. In Southern and Eastern Europe, Classical-style slavery remained a normal part of the society and economy and trade across the Mediterranean and the Atlantic seaboard meant that African slaves began to appear in Italy, Spain, Southern France, and Portugal well before the discovery of the New World in 1492. From about the 8th century onwards, an Arab-run slave trade also flourished, with much of this activity taking place in East Africa, Arabia, and the Indian Ocean. In addition, many African societies themselves had forms of slavery, although these differed considerably, both from each other and from the European and Arabic forms. Although various forms of unfree labour were prevalent in Europe throughout its history, historians refer to 'Chattel Slavery', in which slaves are commodities to be bought and sold, rather than domestic servants or agricultural workers. Chattel Slavery is the characteristic form of slavery in the modern world, and this chronology is concerned primarily with this form. Were These Jews Of The Spanish Inquistion And Portugal Who Were Banished And In Exile, At the Time Able To be Enslavers In Africa while Seeking Refuge?. Read More http://www.brycchancarey.com/slavery/chrono2.htm It May Seem It Was Those Of Power And That Were Setteled in All Region's Could But What of Them spain And Portugal Inquistion Is It Possible They Had Time For Enslavement And Be Head Of Slave Trade Or Should Be listed Other.The End? The Above Pictures And Maps Will Help Click Them See What You Think. 

Château d'Aguilar

laclefdevoute is March 10, 2011

THE KEYSTONE. The castle of Aguilar while perched at over 300 meters, is built like a house of plain, and easy access. Simon de Montfort took it without opposition in 1210. Aguilar The site is strengthened from the late eleventh century, and then became possession of the viscounts of Carcassonne. Early twelfth century it belongs to the powerful family of terms, vassals of the Viscounts of Trencavel. The fate of this castle is therefore linked to that of this family which is among one of the most hostile to the armies of the crusade against the Albigenses before its last representative, Olivier de Termes, not to submit to King Louis IX of France to become one of his most loyal knights.From 1260, the castle joined the lists of royal fortresses to protect the southern border of the kingdom against Aragon. Aguilar becomes the castle the most easterly of the "five son of Carcassonne." Its location allows it to control the plain Tuchan Corbières and access to power. By the late thirteenth century, a large garrison is installed and major renovations are undertaken to make a strong fortress defending against Aragon Languedoc. The first enclosure is flanked by six semi-circular towers open at the throat, with a diameter of about 5 m. They are built in camera on smooth strains frustoconical boss, attributed to the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century.In addition, they are pierced with many loopholes "stirrup". Barbican defended by a small circular arc, the entrance to the west, is adjoined to a megaphone.To the east, a postern protected by a secondary access was a stunner.Served by a ramp, the second chamber is separated from the first by the lists.The latter could be identified with the original castle and dates back to the early thirteenth century with later additions and reversals. To the west, the court defended the dwelling served by five major loopholes remarkable for their blankets semicircular. North, the tower was used as a dungeon and has an underground tank. East, the basement is represented by a sandstone arch construction. A chapel of Romanesque tradition, dedicated to St. Anne, stands outside the enclosure on the western slope. It has a nave arched barrel-vaulted apse and a cul-de-four. A fragrant garrigue, which contrasts with the neat appearance of the vineyard Top Fitou, surrounds the castle of Aguilar. Facing him, the mountain overlooking the village of Tauch Tuchan.Area of significant ecological interest, it offers an exceptional panoramic viewpoint on the whole region.

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